X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Tutorial

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (also known as XPS and originally as ESCA), has become one of the most prevalent and useful techniques for surface analysis since the introduction of commercially available instrumentation beginning in the 1960s.  XPS is a UHV surface analysis technique that provides quantifiable elemental and chemical state information from the top 20 to 100 angstroms of surfaces.

Today’s modern XPS systems use monochromatic aluminum X-rays and include the ability to produce real time XPS elemental images with spatial resolution in the range of a few microns.  If you need an XPS system for your research or production testing and can’t afford the $500K to over $1M for a new XPS system, RBD Instruments is your headquarters for refurbished Physical Electronics XPS systems and components.  Contact us for more information.

Below I have listed a number of links to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tutorials. They are in no particular order. Collectively, these tutorials provide an in-depth overview of the history, theory and applications for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Here is new link to an XPS data knowledge base (and a wealth of information on XPS) from Vincent Crist at The XPS library  – https://xpslibrary.com/library-membership/     Please support The XPS Library with your donation!

http://www.physics.ucdavis.edu/fadleygroup/BasicConceptsofXPS.pdf

http://mmrc.caltech.edu/SS_XPS/XPS_PPT/XPS_Slides.pdf

http://www.jhu.edu/~chem/fairbr/surfacelab/xps.html

Physical Electronics XPS system

Physical Electronics XPS system

Resources for Surface Analysis Techniques

ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a fantastic resource for Surface Analysis techniques including Auger Electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and Energy-dispersive-ray spectroscopy.

Using the search tool on the ASTM website you can easily find standards for anything from specimen mounting and preparation to data interpretation. Simply type in a keyword such as Auger, XPS, SIMS, EDX or SEM and you will get a listing of all standards with that keyword.

You can purchase the single standard that you are interested in or sign up for one of the many subscription options that are available.

If you can’t find what you need on their website you can contact ASTM at 1-877-909-ASTM

Imaging on a PHI scanning auger electron microprobe

This topic is something that we still get regular requests for information about. I first wrote this tech tip back in 2004 to summarize the training that we perform when installing a PHI 660 scanning auger electron microprobe.  It still comes in handy today, especially in university labs where the system operators change on a regular basis.  AES Imaging Procedure

660 Scanning Auger electron microprobe

PHI 660 Scanning Auger with RBD 147 PC upgrade

 

The most common source of trouble with imaging on a PHI scanning auger electron microprobe is simply that it is time to replace the Lab6 filament. If you need a new filament for your older PHI scanning auger electron microprobe, RBD provides the filaments for about 1/2 of what they can cost elsewhere.

Still need some help imaging?   Feel free to contact us for more information.