{"id":4232,"date":"2026-05-19T06:44:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T13:44:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/?p=4232"},"modified":"2026-05-19T06:44:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T13:44:09","slug":"annealing-of-316l-stainless-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/annealing-of-316l-stainless-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Annealing of 316L stainless steel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As part of a design for a new electron energy analyzer design, we will be using 316L stainless steel for some of the optics parts. While 316L stainless steel is naturally non-magnetic due to its austenitic crystal structure, intense machining, such as cutting or drilling induces stress that converts some austenite into magnetic martensite, and the result is that the 316L will be very slightly magnetic. For our application we need to have all the optics parts be non-magnetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The solution is to anneal the 316L parts by heating to\u00a01100C and then cooling rapidly back to room temperature. Annealing reverses this magnetic effect by allowing the distorted lattice to relax back into its original non-magnetic state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In my search for a company that can provide an annealing service I came across MET-TEK Inc.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-attachment-id=\"4234\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/annealing-of-316l-stainless-steel\/met-tek-inc\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=1062%2C399&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1062,399\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Met-Tek-Inc\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=584%2C220&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"584\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/jquery-image-lazy-loading\/images\/grey.gif?resize=584%2C220&#038;ssl=1\" data-original=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc-1024x385.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"lazy wp-image-4234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=1024%2C385&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=768%2C289&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=500%2C188&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?w=1062&amp;ssl=1 1062w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><noscript><img data-attachment-id=\"4234\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/annealing-of-316l-stainless-steel\/met-tek-inc\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=1062%2C399&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1062,399\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Met-Tek-Inc\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=584%2C220&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"584\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=584%2C220&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=1024%2C385&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=768%2C289&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?resize=500%2C188&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?w=1062&amp;ssl=1 1062w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Their prices are very reasonable and besides annealing they offer a variety of services including \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Controlled atmosphere hardening<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Vacuum hardening and tempering<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Carburizing &amp; carbonitriding<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Solution annealing and age hardening<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Annealing, normalizing and stress relieving<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Aluminum solution treating, aging and annealing<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Gas nitriding<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Precision straightening<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Glass bead &amp; Rotoblast cleaning<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Cryo treating down to -200F<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met-tek.com\/services\">Metallurgical Lab Services<\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>I mention MET-TEK as a resource as it is sometimes hard to find a company that can provide annealing services at a reasonable price.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As part of a design for a new electron energy analyzer design, we will be using 316L stainless steel for some of the optics parts. While 316L stainless steel is naturally non-magnetic due to its austenitic crystal structure, intense machining, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/annealing-of-316l-stainless-steel\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4234,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[164],"tags":[463,462],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Met-Tek-Inc.jpg?fit=1062%2C399&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2DEXo-16g","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3449,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/sca-charging-lens-elements\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":0},"title":"SCA charging lens elements","author":"Randy","date":"December 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"This blog will describe the symptoms and solution for lens elements that charge up due to an oxidized graphite coating. Overview - The Physical Electronics SCA (Spherical Capaitive Analyzer) has a series of 2 or 4 lenses that focus electrons into the energy analyzer section of the SCA. The first\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/lens-close-up.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/lens-close-up.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/lens-close-up.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/lens-close-up.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1452,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/15-255g-filament-change-procedure\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":1},"title":"15-255G Filament Change Procedure","author":"Randy","date":"May 9, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"This post explains how to replace the C75-010 tungsten filament used in the Physical Electronics 15-255G double pass CMA.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Refer to the pictures below for more details.\u00a0 RBD Instruments provides the C75-010 filaments as well as any other parts that you may need for your 15-255G analyzer.\u00a0 We also offer\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"check-screw-distance","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/check-screw-distance.jpg?fit=486%2C324&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":300,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/phi-optics-repair-guidelines-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":2},"title":"PHI Optics Repair Guidelines","author":"Randy","date":"January 17, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"This document contains information about optics repair methods, procedures and tricks that are useful when working on older PHI optics units such as cylindrical mirror analyzers, x-ray photoelectron spectrometers and sputter ion sources. General Optics Guidelines. Clean all tools with isopropanol or methanol and also degauss them if possible. Most\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/10-155-electron-gun-detail.png?fit=619%2C568&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":707,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/10-155-filament-replacement-procedure\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":3},"title":"10-155 Filament replacement procedure","author":"Randy","date":"July 22, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"This blog post is an updated version of the 10-155 filament replacement procedure first published on the RBD Instruments website as a Technical Tip a number of years ago. This version has been updated with some close up pictures of the electron gun assembly shown at the bottom of this\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"filament-coupler-space-between","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/filament-coupler-space.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/filament-coupler-space.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/filament-coupler-space.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1521,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/esca-analyzer-filament-procedure\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":4},"title":"ESCA Analyzer Filament Procedure","author":"Randy","date":"June 19, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"ESCA Analyzer Filament Replacement\u00a0 Procedure This procedure details the step by step process to replace the tungsten filament in a PHI 25-250, 260 or 270 ESCA analyzer used on the older PHI 550, 560 and 570 ESCA systems. RBD Instruments provides this filament (the C75-010). Here is a link to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Analyzer-resistances.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Analyzer-resistances.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Analyzer-resistances.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1349,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/25-110-analyzer-filament\/","url_meta":{"origin":4232,"position":5},"title":"25-110 Analyzer Filament","author":"Randy","date":"February 11, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"This is an old tech tip that I wrote back in 2002. The 25-110 analyzer was the first CMA that Physical Electronics used a Lab6 filament in. These days there are not a lot of 590 systems still in operation, but the ones that are still work well especially as\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Loosen-bottom-cap-set-screws","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Loosen-bottom-cap-set-screws.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4232"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4232"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4235,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4232\/revisions\/4235"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4234"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}