{"id":3315,"date":"2021-05-26T06:00:42","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T13:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/?p=3315"},"modified":"2021-08-02T08:14:57","modified_gmt":"2021-08-02T15:14:57","slug":"research-gases-for-laboratories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Gases for Laboratories"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Laboratory gases are readily available in large cylinders from companies such as Airgas, Norco and local welding supply companies.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"3316\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/ghmqnffkwky\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=2448%2C3264&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2448,3264\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ghmqnffkwky\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=584%2C779&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"584\" height=\"779\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/jquery-image-lazy-loading\/images\/grey.gif?resize=584%2C779&#038;ssl=1\" data-original=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=584%2C779&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"lazy wp-image-3316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=2448&amp;ssl=1 2448w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=1752&amp;ssl=1 1752w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><noscript><img data-attachment-id=\"3316\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/ghmqnffkwky\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=2448%2C3264&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2448,3264\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ghmqnffkwky\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=584%2C779&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2448\" height=\"3264\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?fit=584%2C779&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=2448&amp;ssl=1 2448w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=1168&amp;ssl=1 1168w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ghmqnffkwky.jpeg?w=1752&amp;ssl=1 1752w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption>Large gas cylinders<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>But for small quantities of gases or specialty gases used in vacuum optics such as UV sources and Ion guns, it may make more fiscal sense to use lecture bottles instead of the larger size gas cylinders which are commonly found in laboratories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lecture bottles are small compressed gas cylinders that are typically 12-18 inches long and 2 to 3 inches in diameter.&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-attachment-id=\"3317\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=440%2C557&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"440,557\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Lecture bottle&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=237%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=440%2C557&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/jquery-image-lazy-loading\/images\/grey.gif?resize=440%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" data-original=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"lazy wp-image-3317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?w=440&amp;ssl=1 440w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?resize=237%2C300&amp;ssl=1 237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><noscript><img data-attachment-id=\"3317\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=440%2C557&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"440,557\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Lecture bottle&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=237%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=440%2C557&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?resize=440%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?w=440&amp;ssl=1 440w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?resize=237%2C300&amp;ssl=1 237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption>Lecture Bottle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>They hold approximately 2 cubic feet of gas and are pressurized to as much as 1800 PSI.&nbsp;&nbsp; High pressure gas cylinders require a regulator to step the pressure down.&nbsp; The pressure required for the application will determine which regulator is needed.&nbsp;&nbsp; For example, the Varian variable leak valve used on many 04-303 ion sources can take a maximum pressure of 500 PSI.&nbsp; However, it is recommended that the argon gas pressure be set to 15 to 25 PSI for best results.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since lecture bottles are small, it costs less to ship them.&nbsp; But most importantly, when you buy a lecture bottle you are buying the bottle as well as the gas.&nbsp; Full sized cylinders are generally rented for a monthly fee in addition to the cost of the gas and delivery. Factoring in the monthly rental fee for the cylinder, a lecture bottle could be much less expensive over time.  Especially for optics like UV sources where you may only use it a few times a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the US, Matheson provides a wide assortment of specialty gases in lecture bottles. &nbsp;Matheson also has a worldwide distribution network. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathesongas.com\/gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.mathesongas.com\/gases<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultra-high purity gases have 5 nines (99.999%) purity and\nResearch grade gases have 6 nines (99.9999%) purity.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another provider in the US that carries Lecture bottles is Advanced Specialty Gases &#8211; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.advancedspecialtygases.com\/PureGas.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" class=\"broken_link\">https:\/\/www.advancedspecialtygases.com\/PureGas.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Europe,&nbsp; Messer can provide gases in small cylinders: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.messergroup.com\/\">https:\/\/www.messergroup.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.messer.de\/spezialgase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.messer.de\/spezialgase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the UK,  CK Gas Products provides a variety of gases in lecture bottles: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ckgas.com\/lecture-bottles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"http:\/\/www.ckgas.com\/lecture-bottles\/ (opens in a new tab)\">http:\/\/www.ckgas.com\/lecture-bottles\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gas regulators are available from these companies as well as from Grainger.  Be sure to specify the type of connection on the gas bottle when you order it and also to order the correct connection on the regulator.  For best results, insert a valve between the regular and the outlet line.      Finally, you also will need to pump out the line and regulator before opening the gas bottle as otherwise your gas will become contaminated with air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sources for specialty gasses such as research grade helium.   <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/research-gases-for-laboratories\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[164],"tags":[368,370,369,46],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Spec_lb_history-lesson002_440w.jpg?fit=440%2C557&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2DEXo-Rt","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1772,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/finding-vacuum-chamber-leaks\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":0},"title":"Finding Vacuum chamber leaks","author":"Randy","date":"May 24, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"When it comes to locating vacuum chamber leaks, there are a few different methods that can be used depending on the vacuum level of the leak. I like to categorize leaks into three types- Gross leaks, mid vacuum leaks and high vacuum leaks. Gross leaks are the type where the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"RGA","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/RGA.jpg?fit=594%2C402&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":992,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/ion-pump-rejuvenation-procedure\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":1},"title":"Ion Pump Rejuvenation Procedure","author":"Randy","date":"March 12, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"After prolonged periods of sputtering with Argon gas, the ion pumps can become saturated, resulting in occasional \"belches\" of Argon during which the ion pumps overheat and release large amounts of gas. These belches usually result in a snowball effect that can dump the system. Rejuvenating the ion pumps once\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Ion-pump.jpg?fit=243%2C207&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1971,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/x-ray-source-arcing\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":2},"title":"X-ray source arcing","author":"Randy","date":"May 8, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"X-ray source arcing results in unstable XPS data and can also damage the x-ray source power supply or high voltage control. Typically X-ray source arcing is caused by contamination on the anode, a coated anode support ceramic (the football ceramic) or a loose filament. However one unseen cause of x-ray\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"burnt x-ray source connector","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/burnt-x-ray-source-connetor.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/burnt-x-ray-source-connetor.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/burnt-x-ray-source-connetor.jpg?fit=972%2C648&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1178,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/argon-oxygen-xenon-refill-service-phi-systems\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":3},"title":"Argon, Oxygen and Xenon refill service for PHI systems","author":"Randy","date":"July 13, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"RBD Instruments provides a refill service for the Argon, Oxygen, and Xenon gas bottles that are used with the PHI 04-303 and 06-350 sputter ion guns on many x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectrometers. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 When you replace the argon or oxygen bottle on your\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"argon-bottle","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/argon-bottle.jpg?fit=486%2C324&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3186,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/cylindrical-mirror-analyzer-fringe-field-termination-ceramics\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":4},"title":"Cylindrical mirror analyzer fringe field termination ceramics","author":"Randy","date":"March 14, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Explanation of how a contact issue with a fringe field termination ceramic can affect AES and XPS data.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Conical.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Conical.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Conical.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Conical.jpg?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4040,"url":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/20-805-or-11-500a-analyzer-control-sweep-voltage-test\/","url_meta":{"origin":3315,"position":5},"title":"20-805 or 11-500A analyzer control sweep voltage test","author":"Randy","date":"June 26, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Older PHI cylindrical mirror analyzers (CMA) uses two cylinders to focus electrons of a particular energy into an aperture for amplification via an electron multiplier. For AES, the inner cylinder is at ground potential and the outer cylinder has a voltage applied to it (sweep voltage) that deflects the electrons\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General Optics and Vacuum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General Optics and Vacuum","link":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/category\/general-optics-and-vacuum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Analyzer-pins.png?fit=422%2C279&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3315"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3360,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315\/revisions\/3360"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rbdinstruments.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}